Reagan, Ronald. “Message to the Senate Returning Without Approval the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 and Transmitting Alternative Legislation.” President Reagan’s Public Speeches and Statements 1981-1989. Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Accessed 13 August 2021. https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/031688e

S. 557 — 100th Congress: Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987. GovTrack.us. (2021). Accessed 13 August 2021. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/100/s557

Bush, George H. W. “Remarks by The President During Ceremony for the Signing of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.” National Archives. Accessed 13 August 2021. https://www.archives.gov/research/americans-with-disabilities/transcriptions/naid-6037492-remarks-by-the-president-during-ceremony-for-the-signing-of-the-americans-with-disabilities-act-of-1990.html

Video: George H. W. Bush Presidency, “July 26, 1990: Remarks on the Signing of the Americans with Disabilities Act,” The Miller Center: U. S. Presidents (University of Virginia, 2019). Accessed 13 August 2021. https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/july-26-1990-remarks-signing-americans-disabilities-act

S. 933 — 101st Congress: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. GovTrack.us. (2021). Accessed 13 August 2021.https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/101/s933

“Department of Defense Directive Number 1304.26,” in Edward P. Richards, The Climate Change and Public Health Law Site. Louisiana State University. Accessed 13 August 2021.https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/dodd/corres/pdf/d130426wch1_122193/d130426p.pdf

Video: “January 29, 1993: Press Conference on ‘Gays in the Military’” The Miller Center: U. S. Presidents (University of Virginia, 2019). Accessed 13 August 2021. https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/january-29-1993-press-conference-gays-military

Department of Justice, “Fact Sheet: Racial Profiling,” U.S. Department of Justice Archives, 17 June 2003. Accessed 13 August 2021. https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2003/June/racial_profiling_fact_sheet.pdf

Video: “George W. Bush on Racial Profiling,” C-SPAN. Accessed 13 August 2021. https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4524225/user-clip-george-w-bush-racial-profiling

H.R. 3162 — 107th Congress: Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA Patriot Act) Act of 2001. GovTrack.us. (2021). Accessed 13 August 2021. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/107/hr3162

Obama, Barak. “Presidential Proclamation ― Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month, 2015,” The White House: President Barak Obama. Accessed 13 August 2021. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/04/30/presidential-proclamation-asian-american-and-pacific-islander-heritage-m

Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Indigenous Peoples. “United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,” United Nations, https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples.html

“Procedures for Re-establishing a Government-to-Government Relationship with the Native Hawaiian Community: Notice of Proposed Rulemaking,” Department of Interior. Accessed 13 August 2021. https://www.doi.gov/hawaiian/procedures

Trump, Donald. “Remarks on Citizenship and the Census, 11 July 2019.” The White House. Accessed 13 August 2021. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-citizenship-census/

Video: Donald Trump, Remarks on Citizenship and the Census, 11 July 2019, C-Span. Accessed 13 August 2021. https://www.c-span.org/video/?462535-1/trump-administration-longer-pursue-citizenship-question-2020-census

Executive Order 13880: Collecting Information About Citizenship Status in Connection With the Decennial Census, 11 July 2019, National Archives: Federal Register. Accessed 13 August 2021. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/07/16/2019-15222/collecting-information-about-citizenship-status-in-connection-with-the-decennial-census

Secondary Sources:

Calmes, Jackie. “Donald Trump: Domestic Affairs.” The Miller Center: U. S. Presidents (University of Virginia, 2019). Accessed 13 August 2021. https://millercenter.org/president/trump/domestic-affairs

Cannon, Lou. “Ronald Reagan: Domestic Affairs.” The Miller Center: U. S. Presidents (University of Virginia, 2019). Accessed 13 August 2021. https://millercenter.org/president/reagan/domestic-affairs

Gregg II, Gary L. “George W. Bush: Domestic Affairs.” The Miller Center: U. S. Presidents (University of Virginia, 2019). Accessed 13 August 2021. https://millercenter.org/president/gwbush/domestic-affairs

Knott, Stephen. “George H. W. Bush: Domestic Affairs.” The Miller Center: U. S. Presidents (University of Virginia, 2019). Accessed 13 August 2021. https://millercenter.org/president/bush/domestic-affairs

Nelson, Michael. “Barack Obama: Domestic Affairs.” The Miller Center: U. S. Presidents (University of Virginia, 2019). Accessed 13 August 2021. https://millercenter.org/president/obama/domestic-affairs

Riley, Russell L. “Bill Clinton: Domestic Affairs.” The Miller Center: U. S. Presidents (University of Virginia, 2019). Accessed 13 August 2021. https://millercenter.org/president/clinton/domestic-affairs

Examining African American Voter Suppression, from Reagan to Trump
Aaron Treadwell

Recommended Sources for the Lesson

The State of Louisiana Literacy Test

The State of Alabama Literacy Test

Cartoon showing Uncle Sam writing on wall, “Eddikashun qualifukashun. The Black man orter be eddikated afore he kin vote with US Wites, signed Mr. Solid South.” “The color line still exists — in this case,” Harper’s Weekly, v. 23 (1879 Jan. 18), p. 52 https://www.loc.gov/resource/cph.3b29638/

“Work Does Not Stop with This March on Washington”: LGBTQ+ National Mobilizations, 1979–2009
Josh Cerretti

Recommended Sources for the Lesson

National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights (1979)Download

Our Demands: March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights (1987)Download

Public Debate, Citizen Participation, and Recent US Supreme Court Nominations
Leah Vallely

Recommended Sources for the Lesson

[coming soon]

The Drug War Era: From the Crack Epidemic to the Opioid Crisis
Kathryn McLain and Matthew R. Pembleton

Recommended Sources for the Lesson

George H.W. Bush, “Presidential Address on National Drug Policy,” September 5, 1989, C-SPAN, https://www.c-span.org/video/?8921-1/president-bush-address-national-drug-policy

Joe Biden, “Democratic Response to Drug Policy Address,” September 5, 1989, C-SPAN, https://www.c-span.org/video/?8997-1/democratic-response-drug-policy-address

“Remarks by President Trump on Combating Drug Demand and the Opioid Crisis,” October 26, 2017, https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-combatting-drug-demand-opioid-crisis/

Nancy Reagan in Ronald Reagan, “Address to the Nation on the Campaign against Drug Abuse,” September 14, 1986, American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-the-nation-the-campaign-against-drug-abuse

Nancy Reagan in Ronald Reagan, “Remarks at a Meeting of the White House Conference for a Drug Free America,” February 29, 1988, American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-meeting-the-white-house-conference-for-drug-free-america

48 Hours on Crack Street, https://danratherjournalist.org/investigative-journalist/48-hours/48-hours-crack-street

1987 Partnership for a Drug-Free America ads, “This Is Your Brain on Drugs” and “From You,” are found together in this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSFaDeRpSHA; “The Original Rachael Leigh Cook Brain on Drugs,” https://youtu.be/dAHoxaphbEs

Drug Policy Alliance’s remake of the Rachael Leigh Cook video with the original actress criticizing the war on drugs. Tony Newman, “Remake of Classic ‘Your Brain on Drugs’ Ad Slams Disastrous Drug War,” April 19, 2017, https://youtu.be/AKXN6Vdr3g0

PBS Frontline has a timeline that shows the rise of meth and the impact on communities: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/meth/etc/cron.html

Montana Meth Project, “Meth Project Ads,” https://www.montana meth.org/our-work/#ads

National Safety Council, “Facing an Everyday Killer,” https://www.nsc.org/home-safety/get-involved/prescribed-to-death-memorial

A Difficult Balance: National Security and Democracy from Reagan to Trump
Kimber Quinney

Recommended Sources for the Lesson (in order as they appear in the chapter)

“Historical Issues: Analysis and Decision-Making,” Historical Thinking Skills, American Historical Association, https://www.historians.org/teaching-and-learning/teaching-resources-forhistorians/teaching-and-learning-in-the-digital-age/the-history-of-the-americas/the-conquest-ofmexico/for-teachers/setting-up-the-project/historical-thinking-skills#5

John Raby (AP News), “Woman Pleads Guilty in Scheme to Offer Information to Russia,” Washington Post, July 6, 2020.

woman-pleads-guilty-in-scheme-to-offer-information-to-russia-the-washington-post Download

“Espionage and Other Compromises of National Security: Case Summaries from 1975 to 2008,” as compiled by the Defense Personnel Security Center, Department of Defense, November 2009. https://fas.org/irp/eprint/esp-summ.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract

The Truman Library provides excellent sources and lesson plan for teaching about the loyalty program. “Truman’s Loyalty Program,” Truman Library, https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/education/presidential-inquiries/trumans-loyalty-program

Seymour Hersch, “Huge C.I.A. Operation Reported in U.S. Against Anti-War Forces, Other Dissidents in Nixon Years,” New York Times, December 22, 1974.

hersh-huge-cia-operation-reported-in-u.s.-against-anti-war Download

U.S. Senate, Book II: “Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans.” Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. April 26, 1976 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_II.pdf

Executive Order 12036, Section 2-202, https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/eo/eo-12036.htm

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) https://www.fisc.uscourts.gov/.

Reagan’s Speech to Parliament at Westminster http://vandvreader.org/ronald-reagan-address-parliament-6-june-1986

Executive Order 12036, Section 2-202, https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/eo/eo-12036.htm

Executive Order 12333 (commonly referred to as or “twelve triple three”), which was intended to replace Carter’s EO 12036. https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12333.html

“Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA) of 2004” Public Law 108–458, 108th Congress, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-108publ458/pdf/PLAW-108publ458.pdf

Congressional Research Service, “The Director of National Intelligence (DNI),” updated May 10, 2019, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/IF10470.pdf

“Electronic Surveillance Under Bush and Obama,” New York Times, June 7, 2013

comparing-two-secret-surveillance-programs-nytimes.com_Download

“Statement from Edward Snowden in Moscow,” July 2, 2013, https://wikileaks.org/Statementfrom-Edward-Snowden-in.html

https://www.aclu.org/video/why-are-whistleblowers-being-prosecuted-spies

The National Intelligence Strategy of the United States of America 2019 https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/National_Intelligence_Strategy_2019.pdf

U.S. Department of Justice Press Release, “Former FBI Agent Sentenced for Leaking Classified Information,” October 18, 2018, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-fbi-agentsentenced-leaking-classified-information

Defending Rights and Dissent, “End Espionage Act Prosecutions of Whistleblowers,” April 9, 2018, https://rightsanddissent.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/End-Espionage-Act-Prosecutions-of-Whistleblowers.pdf

Discussion Questions

To what extent and under what circumstances does domestic intelligence-gathering (even if legal) constitute a violation of individual rights?
To what extent and under what circumstances is the prosecution of or retaliation against federal employees justified in the name of securing the nation?
To what extent do these activities affect the social contract and the mutual trust between government and its citizens in a healthy democracy?
What might have been done differently to resolve the tension between national security and civil liberties?
What alternative actions might have been taken?
What can we learn about how people made decisions to do the things they did?

Explaining Waco: How Historians Come to Different Conclusions about What Really Happened
Andrew Polk

Recommended Sources for the Lesson

[coming soon]

A Nation at Risk? Education Debates and Policies from Reagan to Trump
Carl P. Watts

Recommended Sources for the Lesson

[coming soon]

Part Two: Beyond the Borders of the United States

Undermining the Sandbags: How Neoliberalism Encouraged Undocumented Migration, from the 1980s to the Early 2020s
Benjamin C. Montoya

Recommended Sources for the Lesson

Mexican Migration Project (Princeton University)

Racializing Legality in Post-1965 Immigration Debates
Natalie Mendoza

“Racializing Legality in Post-1965 Immigration Debates,” by Natalie Mendoza, is based on a rich body of scholarship that covers immigration, race, and politics in the United States, some of which are standard reading and others that are newly published works.

For further reading, consult the following:

Calavita, Kitty. “The New Politics of Immigration: ‘Balanced-Budget Conservatism’ and the Symbolism of Proposition 187.” Social Problems 43 no. 3 (August 1996): 284-305.

Chavez, Leo R. Covering Immigration: Popular Images and the Politics of the Nation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.

Chavez, Leo R. “Fear of White Replacement: Latina Fertility, White Demographic Decline, and Immigration Reform” In A Field Guide to White Supremacy, edited by Kathleen Belew and Ramón Gutiérrez, 177-202. University of California Press, 2021.

Goodman, Carly. “Unmaking the Nation of Immigrants: How John Tanton’s Network of Organizations Transformed Policy and Politics.” In A Field Guide to White Supremacy, edited by Kathleen Belew and Ramón Gutiérrez, 203-219. University of California Press, 2021.

Jacobson, Robin Dale. New Nativism: Proposition 187 and the Debate over Immigration. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.

Kang, S. Deborah. The INS on the Line: Making Immigration Law on the US-Mexico Border, 1917–1954. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.

Lee, Erika. America for Americans: A History of Xenophobia in the United States. New York: Basic Books, 2019.

Lytle Hernández, Kelly. Migra! A History of the US Border Patrol. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010.

Martinez HoSang, Daniel. Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010.

Molina, Natalia. How Race Is Made in America: Immigration, Citizenship, and the Historical Power of Racial Scripts. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014.

Nevins, Joseph. Operation Gatekeeper and Beyond: The War on “Illegals” and the Remaking of the US-Mexico Boundary, Second Edition. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2010.

Ngai, Mae. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.

Omi, Michael and Howard Winant. Racial Formation in the United States, Third Edition. New York: Routledge, 2015.

Overmyer-Velazquez, Mark, ed. Beyond La Frontera: The History of Mexico-US Migration. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Santa Ana, Otto. Brown Tide Rising: Metaphors of Latinos in Contemporary American Public Discourse. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002.

Spiro, Jonathan Peter. Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant. Burlington: University of Vermont Press, 2009.

For more on the history pedagogy research that informed the lesson described in the chapter, see the following:

Calder, Lendol. “Uncoverage: Toward a Signature Pedagogy for the History Survey.” Journal of American History 92, no. 4 (March 2006): 1358–70.

Calder, Lendol. “Points of Interest.” Perspectives. January 12, 2018.

Díaz, Arlene, Joan Middendorf, David Pace, and Leah Shopkow. “The History Learning Project: A Department ‘Decodes’ Its Students.” Journal of American History 94, no. 4 (March 2008): 1211–24.

Westhoff, Laura. “Historiographic Mapping: Toward a Signature Pedagogy for the Methods Course.” Journal of American History 98, no. 4 (March 2012): 1114–26.

Wineburg, Sam. “On the Reading of Historical Texts: Notes on the Breach between School and Academy.” American Educational Research Journal 28, no. 3 (Fall 1991): 495–519.

Something Old, Something New, Something Purple? US Military Adaptation from the Renewed Cold War to Resurrected Confrontation
Hal M. Friedman

Films

David Darlow, Tailspin: Behind the Korean Airliner Tragedy (New York: Home Box Office, 1989), https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098430/

Oliver Stone, Platoon (Los Angeles, California, Orion Pictures, 1986), https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0091763/

Tony Scott,Top Gun (Hollywood, California: Paramount Pictures, 1986), https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092099/

Selected Primary and Secondary Sources

The Reagan Administration

Office of Management and Budget, Primary Sources: Workshops in American History, “Chart of Defense Spending from 1945 to 1999,” https://www.learner.org/workshops/primarysources/coldwar/docs/dspend.html

Infoplease, “U.S. Military Spending, 1946-2009,” https://www.infoplease.com/us/military-personnel/us-military-spending-1946-2009

“Carter Restates Decision to Cancel the B-1 Bomber,” New York Times, October 7, 1977, https://nyti.ms/1MP26Ox

Ronald Reagan, For God and Country (1943), https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0145781/

“Reagan’s SALT Measure,” https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-00965R000504820017-8.pdf;

Reagan, “Message to Congress, https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/031087c;

Presidential News Conference, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-992

SALT I Treaty, https://web.archive.org/web/20140502005429/http://cns.miis.edu/inventory/pdfs/aptsaltI.pdf

SALT II Treaty, https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/isn/5195.htm

Douglas MacEachin, “CIA Assessments of the Soviet Union,” April 14, 2007,

https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/97unclass/soviet.html

CIA, Directorate of Intelligence, “A Comparison of Soviet and US Defense Activities, 1973-1987: A Research Paper,” July 1988, https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000969816.pdf

“We Begin Bombing in Five Minutes,”

William Schmidt, “2 Soldiers, Back from Grenada, Tell of Landing Under Heavy Fire,” New York Times, October 28, 1983,

The Goldwater-Nichols Act: https://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/dod_reforms/Goldwater-NicholsDoDReordAct1986.pdf

James Barber, “How Irangate Differs from Watergate,” New York Times, August 9, 1987, https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/09/opinion/how-irangate-differs-from- watergate.html

The HW Administration

Douglas Skinner, AirLand Battle Doctrine, Professional Paper 463, Center for Naval

Analyses, September 1988, the Hudson Institute, https://www.tradoc.army.mil/Portals/14/Documents/Command%20History/Command%20History%20Publications/From%20Active%20Defense%20to%20AirLand%20Battle.pdf

Detroit Public TV, PBS Frontline, “The Gulf War,” Oral History: Colin Powell,https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/oral/powell/1.html

“Diplomatic/Economic Sanctions vs. Military Action Prior to Gulf War,” http://media.gallup.com/GPTB/goverPubli/20021008_1.gif

Detroit Public TV, PBS Frontline, “The Gulf War,” Oral History: James Baker, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/oral/baker/1.html

William Safire, “Neither Oil nor Jobs,” November 20, 1990, The Baltimore Evening Sun, https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1990-11-20-1990324139-story.html

Steven Beardsley, “’Mother of All Battles’ lasted only 100 hours,” Stars and Stripes, 2016, https://www.stripes.com/news/special-reports/the-gulf-war-25-year-anniversary/100-hours

Christopher Layne, “Why the Gulf War Was Not in the National Interest,” The Atlantic Monthly, July 1991, https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/unbound/flashbks/saudiara/layne.htm

“General Norman Schwarzkopf Speech to West Point Corps of Cadets (1991-05-01),”

Newsweek Staff, “Tailhook: Scandal Time,” Newsweek, 5 July 1992, https://www.newsweek.com/tailhook-scandal-time-200362

Detroit Public TV, PBS Frontline, “Tailhook ’91,” https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/navy/tailhook/91.html

Joselyn Ogden, “Tailhook ’91 and the U.S. Navy,” Case Studies in Ethics, Kenan Institute for Ethics, Duke University, https://web.duke.edu/kenanethics/CaseStudies/Tailhook&USNavy.pdf

The Clinton Administration

Title V: Military Personnel Policy, Subtitle G: Other Matters, House Resolution 2401, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994, 103^rd Congress (1993-1994), https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/house-bill/2401

Lieutenant Colonel Kevin Connors, United States Army, “Clinton’s Policy Relating to Gays in the Military: A Lesson in Politics at the National Level,” National War College Seminar Paper, 1999, https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a442396.pdf

“New President Faces Gay-Soldiers Conflict,” CG Almanac 1993, Congressional Quarterly, 1994, https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal93-1106232

David Burreilli, Congressional Research Service, “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell: The Law and Military Policy on Same-Sex Behavior,” October 14, 2010, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40782.pdf

“Photos: Why do Presidents Salute Military Personnel? Journal Sentinel, February 3, 2017, https://www.jsonline.com/picture-gallery/news/2017/02/02/photos-why-do-presidents-salute-military-personnel/97414930/

Steve Chapman, “When Soldiers Give Clinton A Different Salute,” Chicago Tribune, October 25 1998, https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1998-10-25-9810250191-story.html

Melissa Healy, “Clinton Defense Budget Cuts Into Troops, Ships,” Los Angeles Times, March 27, 1993, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-03-27-mn-15800-story.html

Helen Thomas, “Clinton Orders U.S. Military Attack Against Iraq,” June 26, 1993, UPI Archives, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/06/26/Clinton-orders-US-military-attack-against-Iraq/7662741067200/;

Office of the Historian, State Department, “Intervention in Haiti, 1994-1995,” Milestones: 1993-2000, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1993-2000/haiti

John Broder, “Clinton: A Vocal Dove Turned Hesitant Hawk,” March 28, 1999, New York Times, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/world/europe/032899kosovo-command.html

Kathleen Pate et.al., “What Should the United States Do About the Kosovo Crisis?” Advise the President: William J. Clinton, William J. Clinton Presidential Library and Museum, National Archives, 1999, https://www.archives.gov/files/presidential-libraries/advisethepresident/clinton-kosovo.pdf

The W Administration

9/11 Commission: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report, 2004, https://www.google.com/search?source=hp&ei=X3k0XY_zBoyWsgXLg4SgBA&q=9%2F11+commission+report+pdf&oq=9%2F11+com&gs_l=psy-ab.1.1.0l10.2270.5793..7653…0.0..0.132.816.5j3……0….1..gws-wiz…..0..0i131.qhp9nzG889Q

PBS Frontline episode “Rumsfeld’s War,” https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/pentagon/view/

The White House, “U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell Addresses the U.N. Security Council,” 5 February 2003, https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030205-1.html

CNN, Bush State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002, http://edition.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/01/29/bush.speech.txt/

The Obama Administration

The White House, “President Obama Has Ended the War in Iraq,” October 21, 2011, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/10/21/president-obama-has-ended-war-iraq

Mark Thompson, “Obama Slows Down U.S. Troop Pullout from Afghanistan,” Time, July 6, 2016, https://time.com/4394955/afghanistan-barack-obama-troops-pullout/

PBS Newshour, “Obama Leaves Complicated Legacy in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Iraq,” January 13, 2017, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/obama-leaves-complicated-legacy-iraq-afghanistan-syria

Louis Jacobson and Amy Sherman, “PolitiFact Sheet: Military Spending under Obama and Congress,” December 14, 2015, https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2015/dec/14/politifact-sheet-our-guide-to-military-spending-/

David Frum, “Obama Just Made the Ultimate Commitment to Eastern Europe, September 3, 2014, The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/09/obama-commitment-eastern-europe-russia-nato/379581/

Abel Romero, “Thanks, Obama: Tracking the President’s Missile Defense Embrace,” RealClear Defense, January 26, 2017, https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2017/01/27/the_presidents_missile_defense_embrace_110702.html

Eric Heginbotham, The U.S.-China Military Scorecard: Forces, Geography, and the Evolving Balance of Power, 1996-2017 (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 2015), www.rand.org/t/rr392

Matt Schiavenza, “What Exactly Does It Mean That The U.S. Is Pivoting to Asia?” The Atlantic, April 15, 2013, https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/04/what-exactly-does-it-mean-that-the-us-is-pivoting-to-asia/274936/

Air-Sea Battle Office, Department of Defense, Air-Sea Battle: Service Collaboration to Address Anti-Access & Area Denial Challenges, May 2013, https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/ASB-ConceptImplementation-Summary-May-2013.pdf

Danya Greenfield and Stefanie Hausheer, “Do Drone Strikes in Yemen Undermine US Security Objectives?” Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East, Atlantic Council, October 2014, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/Drone_Strikes_in_Yemen.pdf

Jessica Purkiss and Jack Serle, “Obama’s Covert Drone War in Numbers: Ten Times More Strikes Than Bush,” The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, January 17, 2017, https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2017-01-17/obamas-covert-drone-war-in-numbers-ten-times-more-strikes-than-bush

Rear Admiral Michael Baker, Medical Corps, United States Navy (Retired), “Casualties of the Global War on Terror and Their Future Impact on Health Care and Society: A Looming Public Health Crisis,” Military Medicine (April 2014): 348-355, https://watermark.silverchair.com/milmed-d-13-00471.pdf

Oriana Pawlyk, “Lawmakers: End Afghanistan War, Give Every GWOT Vet a $2,500 Bonus,” Military.com, 5 March 2019, https://www.military.com/daily-news/2019/03/05/lawmakers-end-afghanistan-war-give-every-gwot-vet-2500-bonus.html

Tara Copp, “Sexual Assault: Here are the bases where troops are most at risk,” Your Military, September 21, 2018, https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2018/09/21/sexual-assault-here-are-the-bases-where-troops-are-most-at-risk/

Public Law 111-321, December 22, 2010, 111th Congress, https://www.congress.gov/111/plaws/publ321/PLAW-111publ321.pdf

Certification, July 21, 2011, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/dadtcert.pdf;

Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, “Statement by the President on Certification of Repeal of Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell,” July 22, 2011, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/07/22/statement-president-certification-repeal-dont-ask-dont-tell

Crosby Burns, “What DADT Cost Us: Misguided Policy Wasted Taxpayer Dollars, Military Talent,” Foreign Policy and Security, Center for American Progress, September 20, 2011, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/news/2011/09/20/10399/what-dadt-cost-us/

Thomas Spoehr and Bridget Handy, The Looming National Security Crisis: Young Americans Unable to Serve in the Military, Center for National Defense, Heritage Foundation, February 13, 2018, https://www.heritage.org/defense/report/the-looming-national-security-crisis-young-americans-unable-serve-the-military

The Trump Administration

Glenn Fleishman, “Trump Once Called Them ‘My Generals.” After Mattis Resigns, They’ll All Be Gone,” Fortune, December 20, 2018, https://fortune.com/2018/12/20/trump-mattis-resignation-letter-my-generals-flynn-kelly-mcmaster/

Jonathan Marcus, “Why did Trump’s love affair with US generals turn sour?” BBC News, January 6, 2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46766271

Bess Levin, “It Sure Sounds Like Trump Just Implied John McCain Is Rotting In Hell,” Vanity Fair, June 26, 2019, https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/06/donald-trump-john-mccain-greener-pastures

Davie Boyer, “Trump says he’s ‘making up’ for lack of military service with defense buildup,” The Washington Times, June 5, 2019, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/jun/5/donald-trump-says-hes-making-lack-military-service/

Susan Baer, “GOP raises trust question with Clinton draft record,” The Baltimore Sun, August 26, 1992, https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1992-08-26-1992239140-story.html

“George W. Bush’s Military Service,” Source Watch, Center for Media and Democracy, July 4, 2009, https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/George_W._Bush%27s_military_service

Derek Buckaloo, Coe College, “Swift Veterans for Truth,” http://cphcmp.smu.edu/2004election/swift-boat-veterans-for-truth/

Bryan Bender, “Russia beating U.S. in race for global influence, Pentagon study says,” Politico, June 30, 2019, https://www.politico.com/story/2019/06/30/pentagon-russia-influence-putin-trump-1535243

Frederick Kempe, “Trump’s escalating trade gives heat to Putin and Xi’s growing bromance,” CNBC Newsletters, June 1, 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/31/trumps-escalating-trade-war-gives-heat-to-putin-and-xis-growing-bromance.html

James Miller and Michael O’Hanlon, Quality over Quantity: U.S. Military Strategy and Spending in the Trump Years, Policy Brief, January 2019, The Brookings Institution, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/FP_20190103_military_strategy_spending.pdf

Michael Harriot, “Report: Intelligence Officials Won’t Brief Trump on Cyberattacks Against Russia For Fear He Might Get Mad and Tell Putin,” The Root, June 16, 2019, https://www.theroot.com/report-intelligence-officials-wont-brief-trump-on-cybe-1835560314

Office of the President, National Cyber Strategy of the United States of America, September 2018, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2018/09/National-Cyber-Strategy.pdf

Arctic Nation: Climate Change Changes Policy
Jeremy M. McKenzie and Laura Krenicki

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Pushing Back: Nuclear Disarmament and Peace Activism during the Cold War and Beyond by Lori Clune

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If You Love This Planet (1982 Oscar winning film)

Framing America for the World: Understanding US Foreign Policy Rhetoric by Using Presidential Speeches before the UN General Assembly
Amy L. Sayward

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Teaching Women and US Foreign Policy: Hillary Rodham Clinton and Women’s Rights as Human Rights
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[coming soon]

Table of Contents

Part One: Within the Borders of the United States